Understanding housing inequalities in urban Pakistan: An intersectionality perspective of ethnicity, income and education

Urban housing inequality is a major academic and policy concern in Pakistan, but empirical investigations and, turn, evidence-based interventions are limited. This study examines the nature of inequalities their determinants focusing on ethnolinguistic groups using nationally representative household survey, where measured two indicators: space usage (room per capita) access to utilities (an index based piped water, sewerage, cooking gas, electricity). Results show that by ethnicity very high, ethnic belonging, along with socioeconomic factors, significantly influences consumption utilities. Intersectionality between ethnicity, income, education plays crucial role inequality. Balochi, Sindhi, Siraiki communities have lower potential for achieving adequate than other communities. To reduce inequalities, identified disadvantaged economic poor should be targeted through policies programmes.